INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Early studies have demonstrated the benefits of different forms of exercise in diabetic kidney disease (DKD), with aerobic training being the most effective for enhancing cardiorespiratory fitness, improving insulin sensitivity, reducing weight, and improving glycemic and lipid metabolism; resistance exercise and HIIT can increase skeletal muscle mass and decrease the risk of exercise-induced hypoglycemia in individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D) (151).