TNF and diabetic retinopathy: ROS scavenging. Reduction of serum and urine urea and creatinine. Decrease of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1 in renal tissues. Restoration of pro-inflammatory cytokines to normal in renal tissues and restoration of oxidative/nitrosative stress biomarkers.41 Improvement in visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and macular oedema in diabetic retinopathy patients due to protection from visible light.42