Comprehensive pharmacological activities of lutein are described in the studies of Kim et al.24 and Algan et al.25 Amongst the most important therapeutic effects, summarized inTable 1, are the anti-cancer effects and protection against cardiac complications and neurodegeneration, in addition to immunomodulation effects and the inhibition of pro-inflammatory responses (produced by interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and IL-1β) and chronic inflammation. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is cancer.