Consistently, vildagliptin increased BCL-2 expression and downregulated BAX and caspase-3 expression in Alzheimer’s disease model and cisplatin-induced hippocampal neuronal toxicity model.21,127 Sitagliptin counteracted the increase in the BAX:BCL-2 ratio in the kidney of type 2 diabetic rats.125 Similarly, it inhibited the alteration of BAX activation in the brain of cyclophosphamide-treated rats.14 Gemigliptin upregulated BCL-2 and diminished the BAX:BCL-2 ratio as well as the cleavage of caspase-3, caspase-8 and caspase-9 in the heart of diabetic mice.128. Here, CASP3 is linked to early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease.