Sitagliptin attenuated pro-i nflammatory cytokine production via downregulating the iNOS/nitric oxide/NF-κB pathway in rats with cyclophosphamide-i nduced cerebral toxicity.14 Likewise, in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated microglial cells, sitagliptin exerted anti-i nflammatory effects by decreasing the protein levels of pro-i nflammatory cytokines and iNOS.15 Vildagliptin attenuated acetic acid-induced colitis by inhibiting the NF-κB signalling and downregulating the pro-i nflammatory miR-146a and inhibited inflammation in the aorta by activating the anti-i nflammatory miR-190a-5p.45,46. Here, NFKB1 is linked to colitis.