TGFB1 and diabetic kidney disease: EndMT is a key process in the development of renal sclerosis in DKD.93,169 Oxidative stress and inflammation as well as RAAS activation associated with hyperglycaemia induce TGF-β expression and ECM deposition, leading ultimately to glomerulosclerosis via NF-κB activation.170 Of note, downregulation of the anti-fibrotic miR-29 has been linked to EndMT in experimental DKD.93 In this context, linagliptin attenuated renal fibrosis through the upregulation of miR-29.93