TNF and Alzheimer disease: Some of the pro-inflammatory cytokines were more highly expressed including: IL-12p70 (F1,37 = 4.185, p = 0.048*, Fig. 2K) and TNFα (F1,37 = 5.096, p = 0.03*, Fig. 2L) in AD + MDD group (IL-12p70: 0.047 ± 0.02 and TNFα: 0.116 ± 0.071) compared to the AD only group (IL-12p70: 0.037 ± 0.02 and TNFα: 0.078 ± 0.023), suggesting that co-morbid depression in AD is associated with increased pro-inflammatory cytokines release in this brain area.