In the insula, a higher level of ICAM-1 was detected in the AD only group (16.109 ± 9.339, F1, 37 = 5.186, p = 0.029, Fig. 2A) compared to AD + MDD group (14.106 ± 7.285), which was not observed for VCAM-1 expression (F1, 37 = 0.082, p = 0.776). Here, VCAM1 is linked to major depressive disorder.