Binding of leptin to its receptor activates multiple signaling pathways such as PI3K/AKT, MAPK/ERK1/2 and JAK/STAT, the key signaling pathways in TNBC leading to cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, anti-apoptosis, and stemness (54), connecting obesity, specifically leptin to increased tumorigenesis. This evidence concerns the gene LEP and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.