PTGS2 and neoplasm: Previous studies, including those conducted by our group, have indicated an upregulation of the genes like Dual Specificity Phosphatase 4 (DUSP4), S100 Calcium Binding Protein A8 (S100A8), S100 Calcium Binding Protein A9 (S100A9), C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 1 (CXCL1), C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 8 (CXCL8 or IL8), Interleukin 1 Beta (IL1B), Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthase 2 (PTGS2 or COX2), Secreted Phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1), and Interleukin 6 (IL6) in tumor tissues compared to healthy tissue from the same patients14–17.