TGFB1 and glioblastoma: Additionally, in studies on glioblastoma (GBM), AGAP2-AS1 in exosomes (Exo-AGAP2-AS1) was found to inhibit the function of miR-486-3p through a sponging mechanism, thereby regulating the expression of Transforming Growth Factor β1 (TGF-β1) in myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs).