Several small clinical trials have also reported promising results with IMT for treating T1DM, including enhanced glycemic control, reduced insulin requirements, and increased levels of SCFAs in the gut.92,93 One study indicated that patients with T1DM treated with FMT experienced reduced insulin use and lower fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels over time.94 Furthermore, IMT improved the diversity and stability of patients’ intestinal flora.95 Here, INS is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.