INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: These metabolites not only stimulate insulin secretion and lower blood sugar levels but also modulate immune system responses, protect pancreatic β-cells from autoimmune attacks, and reduce the risk of autoimmune reactions.64 In addition, an analysis of the composition and function of the gut microbiome in children with T1DM showed that the abundance of Ruminococci and Anaplasmodial bacilli was increased, while the abundance of Bifidobacteria and Faecal bacilli was decreased.