Definitively, complex networks of islet cells and enteral cells producing incretins (e.g., glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), which is produced by L cells of the ileum/colon, and gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), which is produced by the K cells of the duodenum) inappropriately concur to enhance hyperglycemia, which can be improved by nutritional intake, particularly by reducing glycemic load. Here, GIP is linked to Hyperglycemia.