PDCD1 and colon adenocarcinoma: It illustrates our investigation into the effectiveness of targeted therapies and commonly used chemotherapeutic drugs concerning cuproptosis risk ratings in COAD patients (Figure 11E–H), alongside ICI treatment, rather than solely using PD-1 inhibitors (p = 0.82; Figure 11C) or in combination with CTLA-4 (p = 0.35; Figure 11D).