Elevated NF-κB-p65 activity, a key transcriptional regulator of neuroinflammation, was detected in astrocytes from both HD patients and R6/2 mice, with primary astrocytes from R6/2 mice showing increased IκB kinase (IKK) activity, resulting in prolonged NF-κB activation and heightened inflammatory factor production [62]. Here, NFKB1 is linked to Huntington disease.