PTEN and melanoma: It is believed that as a result of RAC-gamma serine/threonine-protein kinases (AKT1, AKT2, and AKT3) genes overexpression and loss of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), which play a key role in carcinogenesis and development of melanoma, the PI3K-AKT pathway is involved in the development of the majority of these cancers [61].