CD40 and cancer: In recent years, researchers have described several strategies for targeting macrophages in anti-cancer treatment [37], including (1) depleting macrophages systemically (e.g., using bisphosphonate), (2) inhibiting the recruitment or differentiation of macrophage precursors (e.g., using M-CSF/CSF-1 or CSF-1R inhibitors), and (3) reprogramming macrophages to exhibit an M1-like phenotype (e.g., using CD40 agonists).