Oral administration of MEVs in the colitis mouse model decreased intestinal inflammation by the inhibition of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)- NF-κB and NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) pathways and restoration of the balance between T-reg and Th17 cells [125]. Here, TLR4 is linked to colitis.