TNF and COVID-19: COVID-19-associated CS shows elevated levels of IL-1β, IL-6, CXCL10, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP) 1α and 1β, as well as monocytes chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), VEGF, and IL-10 [1,27] The levels of some of these cytokines were also found to correlate with disease severity [28].