OGTT and euglycemic insulin clamp were determined at baseline. There was a follow-up in 12 years, in which 257 participants developed dementia or cognitive impairment. Low early insulin response to the OGTT was associated with a higher risk of AD (HR for 1 SD decrease 1.32; 95% CI 1.02, 1.69). Low insulin sensitivity was associated with a higher risk of VD (HR for 1 SD decrease 1.55; 95% CI 1.02, 2.35). The authors also found that there was a 63% increased risk of any dementia and cognitive impairment in patients with diabetes. Here, INS is linked to dementia.