At baseline, two-thirds of the AF patients were treated with oral anticoagulants and approximately half of the patients received angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), beta blockers, and diuretics, while one-third of the total were prescribed with antiplatelets, calcium channel blockers, digoxin, antiarrhythmic drugs, and statins. This evidence concerns the gene ACE and atrial fibrillation.