TNF and chronic kidney disease: Novel risk factors such as FGF-23, serum calcium, eGFR, 24 h urine albumin, IL-6, and TNF-α are associated with both deteriorating kidney function in CKD and CAC progression [99], as evident by the pooled prevalence of CAC in CKD patients to be 60% and higher in patients with ESRD undergoing dialysis [100].