SMAD3 and cancer: Contrary to the findings on NSDHL-knockdown pancreatic cancer cells, Chen et al. reported that NSDHL knockdown impairs the TGF-β-mediated Smad3 signaling pathway by inducing the endosomal degradation of TGF-β receptor 2 to serve as a promoter of cancer cell proliferation and metastasis in breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) [26], which supports our current findings.