PSMB8 and atrial fibrillation: Recently, our data and those of other studies have revealed that immunosubunits, particularly Psmb10 (β2i) and Psmb8 (β5i), are highly expressed in the cardiovascular tissues of mice and patients with hypertension and participate in the pathogenesis of hypertensive cardiovascular disorders, such as cardiac remodelling, heart failure, atrial fibrillation (AF), abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and retinopathy in mice [7–12].