IGF1 deficiency and VEGF overexpression were corrected in LDD patients through the administration of rAAV vectors co-expressing IGF1 and a shRNA against VEGF, reducing the rate of disc cell death in the vertebral pulp and annulus fibrosus and increasing the levels of proteoglycans and type II collagen [193]. Here, VEGFA is linked to Lhermitte-Duclos disease.