HMGB1 and depressive symptom measurement: Meanwhile, studies have examined markers associated with glial and neuronal damage in depression, focusing on damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) such as S100 calcium binding protein β (S100β) [19,20,21], high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) [22,23], and the neuronal damage marker neuron-specific enolase (NSE) [24,25] as potential biomarkers for treatment response and disease progression.