PPIA and cancer: These domains are essential for CypA-triggered signaling cascade that culminates in ERK1/2, p38 and NF-κB activation.30,84,85 Subsequent research has shown that CypA-induced chemotaxis and signaling pathways are achieved in two ways: one through its PPIase activity and the other through binding to CD147.86 Recent studies have indicated that both CypA and CD147 are upregulated in various types of cancers.