When the expression of CypA is down-regulated by CypA-knockdown or RNA interference, cell proliferation, cell migration, invasion and MMP-9 secretion were significantly suppressed.101 In pancreatic cancer, CypA is also highly expressed and CypA interacts with the proline-containing peptide in the transmembrane domain of CD147, thereby stimulating human pancreatic cancer cell proliferation.102 This CypA-induced proliferation was substantially inhibited by an anti-CD147 antibody, suggesting mediation by CD147/CypA interaction. Here, PPIA is linked to familial pancreatic carcinoma.