Further studies revealed that exogenous CypA stimulates the proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells by activating the ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK signaling pathways and by increasing the secretion of interleukin IL-5 and IL-17 in pancreatic cancer cells.103 In human cholangiocarcinoma tissues, overexpressed CypA enhances cholangiocarcinoma cell proliferation via direct interacting with CD147, along with activation of the ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK signaling pathways.98 In HCC, it has been found that CypA was higher expressed in HCC tissues than in adjacent tissues. This evidence concerns the gene PPIA and hepatocellular carcinoma.