These domains are essential for CypA-triggered signaling cascade that culminates in ERK1/2, p38 and NF-κB activation.30,84,85 Subsequent research has shown that CypA-induced chemotaxis and signaling pathways are achieved in two ways: one through its PPIase activity and the other through binding to CD147.86 Recent studies have indicated that both CypA and CD147 are upregulated in various types of cancers. This evidence concerns the gene BSG and cancer.