CCL4 and infection: In non-surviving IbAr10200-infected mice compared to surviving Turkey04-infected mice, we found TNF-alpha (p < 0.001), IL-6, CCL2 (monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 [MCP-1]), CCL3 (macrophage inflammatory protein 1-alpha [MIP-1 alpha]), and CCL4 (macrophage inflammatory protein 1-beta [MIP-1 beta]) (p < 0.01) to be most significantly elevated, followed by IL-1 beta, CXCL10 (macrophage inflammatory protein 2-alpha [MIP-2 alpha]), and IL-18 (p < 0.05), indicating a higher level of systemic inflammation in lethal infection (Figure 5(A)).