FGF21 and Insulin resistance: Wei et al. (2012) identified FGF21 as a physiologically and pharmacologically significant negative regulator of bone mass. The PPP1R15A and BAX genes were also previously associated with bone development in mice and humans (Zaman et al., 2012; Ding et al., 2024), while Wang et al. (2022) reported that EMC10 serum levels are correlated to body mass index (BMI) and insulin resistance in humans and as a potential biomarker of adiposity, in mice and humans. Onyiro and Brotherstone (2008) reported an association of bone mass with leg problems in Holstein-Friesian dairy cows.