Another testable implication of the hypothesis is that VNS could be used for prevention or treatment of metastatic cancer as IL-6 is linked to the metastatic process [Knüpfer and Preiss, 2007; Bonapace et al., 2014; Fukumura et al., 2016; Erin, 2020; Raškova et al., 2022; Rozenberg et al., 2023; Song et al., 2024; Ray et al., 2024], using serum IL-6 levels as a “theranostic” biomarker [Jiang et al., 2000; Knüpfer and Preiss, 2007; Laino et al., 2020; Ma et al., 2023]. Here, IL6 is linked to metastatic malignant neoplasm.