TNF and neoplasm: Given that PD-1/PD-L1 axis plays an important role in tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and TAMs regulate immune evasion in ccRCC, we also explored the effects of TDE-PD-L2 on THP-1-derived macrophages, and found that TDE-PD-L2 inhibited the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α (Fig. S7A), reduced the phagocytic capacity of macrophages (Fig. S7B), and promoted their polarization into M2-like suppressive macrophages (Fig. S7C).