CXCR4 and neoplasm: These cells create a tumor microenvironment that suppresses immune cell invasion of the tumor cells’ chemokine ligand secretion, which will directly enhance the growth and survival of cancer cells in the tumor microenvironment and promote metastasis.306 However, chemokines play a dual role and could promote anti-tumorigenic effects by attracting NK and T-cells expressing chemokine receptors CXCR3 and CXCR4.