In the Cardiovascular Health Study including 5445 community-based older adults, NT-proBNP was found to be highly predictive of incident AF, with HR 4.0 (3.2, 5.0) after adjustment for a large number of covariates including age, sex, medication use, blood pressure, echocardiographic parameters, diabetes mellitus and heart failure [38]. Here, NPPB is linked to diabetes mellitus.