NPPB and heart failure: In the CANagliflozin cardioVascular Assessment Study (CANVAS) trial, which recruited individuals with type 2 diabetes at high cardiovascular risk, measurement of NT-proBNP at baseline, 1 year and 6 years found that elevated NT-proBNP of >125 pg/ml at baseline was prognostic of incident hospitalisation with heart failure (HR 5.40 [95% CI 2.67, 10.9]) [33], with an effect size similar to that observed in our current analysis in the HKDB (HR 4.18 [2.18, 8.03]).