It was reported that in human adenocarcinoma cells, DPT expression was promoted by pro-inflammatory cytokines (LPS, TNFα, and TGFβ) but inhibited by the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4 [40].Thus, the increased decidual DPT expression in RM patients detected here might be due to enhanced inflammation at the maternal-fetal interface. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is adenocarcinoma.