IFNG and neoplasm: Cytokines such as IFNγ, IFNα, and IL-2 promote anti-tumor responses in the TME, while dysregulation of cytokines produced by immune, malignant, and stromal cells are involved in the entire process of carcinogenesis and therapy response (Propper and Balkwill, 2022; Briukhovetska et al., 2021; Shalapour and Karin, 2019).