EGF and cancer: The ErbB signaling pathways (ErbB receptor-mediated Ras-MAPK and PI3K-AKT pathways) have been modeled using mass action kinetics to study the effect of epidermal growth factor (EGF), heregulin (HRG) and other ligands in cancer cell mitogenesis (Chen et al., 2009; Ebata et al., 2022; Kirouac et al., 2013).