PNPLA3 and liver cancer: This phenomenon has been associated with factors ranging from genetics (eg, sequence variation in the PNPLA3 gene) to sociocultural barriers (eg, lack of access to health care and education) affecting diabetes-related chronic disease in the Hispanic population.30,31 These findings highlight the complex intersection of biological and social determinants of health and the importance of raising awareness about liver disease and identifying methods for earlier detection of liver disease and liver cancer in high-risk patients, such as those of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity.