These observations are in line with those of a previous study of 58 trauma patients that reported: (i) significantly impaired IL-1β production by LPS treated monocytes isolated from trauma patients with ISS of <16 and >16 when compared to HC, (ii) no significant differences in IL-1β generation between trauma patients based on ISS and (iii) an earlier recovery of LPS-induced cytokine production by monocytes isolated from patients that had sustained minor injuries (62). Here, IL1B is linked to injury.