Expression levels of many genes were upregulated in Mamu-B*08+ RMs as early as day 3 post-infection, including a number of genes encoding innate immune proteins with roles in innate immune activation and direct antiviral activities (APOBEC3B, GBP3, OAS2, OAS3, RIGI, RSAD2), chemokine ligands (CXCL1, CXCL11, CXCL9), complement component C1R, and other IRF-3 target genes and interferon-inducible proteins (IFI27, IFI44, IFI44L, IFIT5, ISG15, IFIT2, IFIT3) (35). This evidence concerns the gene ISG15 and infection.