The NLRP3 inflammasome is associated with inflammatory responses triggered by viral infection; for example, influenza virus infection can activate NLRP3 and subsequently stimulate caspase-1 activation and the production of IL-1β and IL-18, resulting in increased neutrophil and lymphocyte recruitment to the respiratory tract in infected mice (Allen et al., 2009). This evidence concerns the gene IL18 and viral infectious disease.