Interestingly, we did not observe upregulation in matrix metalloprotease 7 (MMP7; Figure 1j) following Giardia challenge, which has previously been reported to occur following Giardia lamblia infection during adequate nourishment, and important for controlling parasite numbers.35 These markers of intestinal mucosal defense responses,36 regeneration and repair,14 and regulation of transcellular protein transport37 are all reportedly modulated by Lactobacillus spp. This evidence concerns the gene MMP7 and giardiasis.