PDCD1 and colorectal carcinoma: In addition to Lactobacillaceae, EVs derived from Akkermansia muciniphila can maintain the integrity of the intestinal barrier, restore gut microbiota dysbiosis, and inhibit the development of CRC by enhancing anti-programmed cell death protein 1 therapy, inducing the secretion of HSP70, and promoting a Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes-associated immune response through the acetyltransferase it carries (Jiang et al. 2023; Wang et al. 2023).