For the more penetrant hematopoietic transcription factor genes (GATA2, ETV6 and RUNX1), there is significantly increased risk and earlier onset of HM (HR 12 [95%CI 1.9–28, p = 3.7 × 10−8]) and MM (HR 32 [95%CI 12–86, p = 4.7 × 10−12]). Here, RUNX1 is linked to Miyoshi myopathy.