ABCF1 and infection: Indeed, Retrovirus, similar to HBV, also produces episomal DNA circles and can be sensed by ABCF1.[16] Besides, Choi E.B. et al. reported the binding of ABCF1 with short dsDNA that arises from genome instability in the nucleus.[22] Furthermore, ABCF1 is also reported as a risk gene for autoimmune pancreatitis and arthritis.[45, 46] Combined with our finding that ABCF1 binds cccDNA to enhance activation of innate immune signaling, all these evidences support ABCF1 as a dsDNA sensor that monitors pathogens infection and abnormal host DNA fragments.