IGF1 and neoplasm: Dysbiotic gut could potentially foster an environment conducive to the proliferation and survival of metastatic tumor cells within the bone via multiple mechanisms e.g., regulation of critical immunological components including IGF-1 levels, IL-6, Tregs, etc. Besides, tumor tissues harbor distinct microbial communities that are either the inherent residents of that organ or originate from different sources e.g., disrupted mucosal barriers.