ESR1 and breast carcinoma: Androgens can influence breast cancer growth by a variety of mechanisms: by binding to AR and causing stimulation of neoplastic cell proliferation, by binding to ER and inhibiting the 17B-estradiol stimulatory effect on breast cancer cells, or by conversion to estradiol [22]. AR signaling also plays a crucial role in essential processes like DNA damage repair and cell cycle regulation in breast cancer [23].