HGF and Alzheimer disease: For instance, BM-MSCs, AD-MSCs, and UC-MSCs secrete varying levels of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) (Chen et al., 2015; Nakao et al., 2019).