FOXO3 and atherosclerosis: Some of the pathways mediate the protection that FOXO3 exerts on cardiovascular aging, specifically by the suppression of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and neointimal hyperplasia, maintaining human vascular cell homeostasis, counteracting atherosclerosis, slowing down vascular and organismal aging, increasing resistance to oxidative injury, promoting homeostasis of a diverse array of vascular cell types, and mitigating cardiac hypertrophy (4).