TNF and diabetic cardiomyopathy: As shown in Figure 4A-C, in the context of diabetes cardiomyopathy, our analysis unveiled a substantial upregulation in the expression of TNF-alpha (p < 0.001), IL-6 (p < 0.001), and NF-κB (p < 0.001) within the heart tissues of the vehicle-treated rats compared to their respective control groups.