INS and chronic kidney disease: Preliminary studies indicate that GLP-1 RAs may mitigate neuroinflammation, enhance brain insulin sensitivity, and safeguard against cognitive decline.[138] Further investigation into CV and renal benefits is underway, particularly concerning heart failure and chronic kidney disease, with ongoing research assessing whether these benefits extend to nondiabetic populations.[139] Personalized medicine approaches are gaining traction, with research focusing on identifying biomarkers and genetic profiles to predict patient response to GLP-1 RAs, potentially improving treatment outcomes.[140]