The authors also reported elevated CXCL9 levels in first-degree relatives later in life diagnosed with CD with increased intestinal permeability based on the lactulose-mannitol ratio.26 In our study, CXCL9 levels were significantly higher in UC and colonic CD compared to ileal CD, although levels were elevated in all subtypes compared to HC. The gene discussed is CXCL9; the disease is Cowden disease.