In conclusion, we (i) discovered a novel cell-autonomous mechanism by which galectin-9 protects against TB via targeting AG in the cell wall of Mtb, (ii) identified neutralizing antibodies against AG in serum of TB patients, (iii) selected anti-AG mAbs for passive immunization against TB by means of a mAb screening array, (iv) characterized inhibition of Mtb replication by induction of cell wall swelling as critical mechanism of protection through AG targeting (Figure 7E). Here, RENBP is linked to tuberculosis.