Though these studies lay a foundational understanding of CD1-restricted immunity during Mtb infection by identifying polyclonal T-cell responses ex vivo, many gaps remain: whether CD1-restricted immunity contributes as a component of innate or adaptive branches of immunity in vivo, whether CD1 expression is modulated by Mtb infection in vivo, and whether CD1 plays a functional role in disease pathogenesis and granuloma formation in the tissue response to infection (6, 7, 16). The gene discussed is CD1B; the disease is infection.