HMGB1 and viral infectious disease: This possibility is further corroborated by its chemokine-like role and pro-inflammatory properties (Degryse and de Virgilio, 2003) that may be inhibited by cationic ribosomal proteins RPL9 in LPS + HMGB1-stimulated TNF-α expression in macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells (Watanabe et al., 2023) or in viral infections (Hu et al., 2023).